Participación juvenil en la prevención del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Estudio de caso de una escuela saludable (Cali, Colombia) / Youth Participation in the Prevention of the Consumption of Psychoactive Substances. A Case Study across Healthy Schools, Cali-Colombia / Participação juvenil na prevenção do consumo de substâncias psicoativas. Estudo de caso de escola saudável, Cali-Colômbia

Introducción: el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en escolares es un fenómeno complejo con múltiples efectos negativos. Desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales y la promoción de la salud, la institución educativa (IE) es un agente decisivo para acciones participativas. El objetivo fue identificar factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la participación de estudiantes en una IE pública de Cali (Colombia) para prevenir el consumo de SPA. Materiales y métodos: estudio de caso con enfoque mixto. La aproximación cualitativa implicó un análisis documental para explorar la respuesta y factores institucionales de la IE seleccionada como caso crítico; mientras que para identificar los factores individuales relevantes se desarrolló un componente cuantitativo mediante encuesta a 156 estudiantes (secundaria-media) de esa IE. Resultados: los estudiantes identifican como factor relevante para el consumo de SPA la presión de amigos o compañeros; se evidencia que los espacios y procesos de prevención de mayor aporte son la comunicación con pares. También se reconoce como factor institucional el trabajo curricular desde las áreas para fortalecer la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: en la estrategia de escuelas saludables, es crucial la alianza entre el sector educativo y el sector salud, para dinamizar espacios y procesos de participación dirigidos a prevenir el consumo de SPA. Los estudios de análisis del desarrollo de la estrategia de escuelas saludables son requeridos para generar elementos de reflexión dirigidos al ajuste de las acciones de empoderamiento de los estudiantes y que los procesos de participación juvenil logren la continuidad requerida

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) among schoolchildren suggests a complex phenomenon with multiple negative effects. From the perspective of social determinants and health promotion, the educational institution (EI) acts as a decisive agent for participatory actions. The present study aimed to identify individuals and institutional factors associated with the participation of students in an IE public of Cali (Colombia) toward the prevention of the consumption of PAS. Materials and methods: This is a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The former involved a documentary analysis for the exploration of the response and the institutional factors of EI, which were selected as a critical case. Meanwhile, to identify the relevant individual factors, a quantitative component was developed through a survey of 156 students (Secondary­Middle School) of that EI. Results: Students identified pressure from friends or classmates as a relevant factor for PAS consumption, indicating that the spaces and prevention processes with the most significant contribution are communication with peers. The curricular work from the areas to strengthen decision-making is also recognized as an institutional factor. Conclusion: Within the healthy schools' strategy, the alliance between the education and health sectors is of crucial relevance for the promotion of the revitalization of spaces and participation processes aimed at preventing the consumption of PAS. The analysis of studies on the development of healthy schools strategy is thus required to generate elements of reflection directed toward the adjustment of the actions facilitating the empowerment of the students and those referring to youth participation to achieve the required continuity.

Introdução: o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em estudantes é um fenômeno complexo com múl- tiplos efeitos negativos. Na perspectiva dos determinantes sociais e da promoção da saúde, a instituição de ensino (IE) é um agente decisivo para ações participativas. O objetivo foi identificar fatores individuais e institucionais associados à participação de alunos em uma IE pública de Cali (Colômbia) para prevenir o consumo de SPA. Materiais e métodos: estudo de caso com abordagem mista. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma análise documental para explorar a resposta e os fatores institucionais da IE selecionada como caso crítico; enquanto para identificar os fatores individuais relevantes, desenvolveu-se um com- ponente quantitativo através de um questionário a 156 alunos (ensino médio) daquela IE. Resultados: os alunos identificam a pressão de amigos ou colegas como fator relevante para o consumo de SPA; é evidente que os espaços e processos de prevenção com maior contribuição são a comunicação com os pares. O trabalho curricular das áreas para fortalecer a tomada de decisão também é reconhecido como um fator institucional. Conclusão: na estratégia das escolas saudáveis, a aliança entre o setor da educação e o setor da saúde, assume uma relevância crucial para promover a revitalização de espaços e processos participativos direcionados à prevenção do consumo de SPA. Os estudos de análise do desenvolvimento da estratégia de escolas saudáveis são necessários para gerar elementos de reflexão direcionados ao ajuste das ações de empoderamento dos alunos e que os processos de participação juvenil alcancem a necessária continuidade

Perceived quality of life and meanings attributed to the experience of extreme maternal morbidity: a qualitative study. / Calidad de vida percibida y significados de la experiencia de morbilidad materna extrema: un estudio cualitativo.

Experiencing extreme maternal morbidity (EMM) implies multiple changes, where the perception of quality of life is modified, generating a gap between what is perceived and what is desired. The aim is to understand the meanings attributed to EMM by survivors of the experience and the effect of these meanings on the processes of reconstruction of daily life. A qualitative study from the perspective of symbolic interactionism that included an analysis based on elements of grounded theory by conducting semi-structured interviews with women from a Colombian city. The experience of EMM is understood by the participants as "a suffering that is worthwhile" and is constructed from the meanings given to each stage that is experienced: (1) pregnancy: an unexpected event that is better when accompanied by a partner/family; (2) the complication: separation distress; (3) life after near-death. Women's perception of quality of life depends on both the experience of the event and social support, as well as on the baby's survival. The role of health services is critical because loneliness, worry, and stress intensify when health personnel have a dehumanized relationship with women.

La experiencia de la morbilidad materna extrema (MME) implica una situación de múltiples cambios, donde la percepción de calidad de vida se modifica generando una brecha entre lo percibido y lo deseado. El objetivo es comprender los significados de sobrevivientes a MME de la experiencia vivida, y la influencia de estos en los procesos de reconstrucción de su cotidianidad. Estudio cualitativo desde la perspectiva del interaccionismo simbólico y análisis con elementos de la teoría fundamentada, empleando entrevistas semiestructuradas con mujeres de una ciudad colombiana. La experiencia de MME es comprendida por las participantes como "un sufrimiento que vale la pena" y se construye desde los significados dados a cada etapa vivida: (1) embarazo: un suceso inesperado que es mejor en compañía; (2) la complicación: la angustia de la separación; (3) la vida después de la casi muerte. La percepción de calidad de vida de las mujeres depende tanto de la vivencia del evento, como del apoyo social; además, de la sobrevivencia del bebé. El rol de los servicios de salud es crítico, ya que se profundizan sentires de soledad, preocupación y estrés, cuando el personal sanitario tiene una relación deshumanizada con las mujeres.

Calidad de vida percibida y significados de la experiencia de morbilidad materna extrema: un estudio cualitativo / Perceived quality of life and meanings attributed to the experience of extreme maternal morbidity: a qualitative study

Resumen La experiencia de la morbilidad materna extrema (MME) implica una situación de múltiples cambios, donde la percepción de calidad de vida se modifica generando una brecha entre lo percibido y lo deseado. El objetivo es comprender los significados de sobrevivientes a MME de la experiencia vivida, y la influencia de estos en los procesos de reconstrucción de su cotidianidad. Estudio cualitativo desde la perspectiva del interaccionismo simbólico y análisis con elementos de la teoría fundamentada, empleando entrevistas semiestructuradas con mujeres de una ciudad colombiana. La experiencia de MME es comprendida por las participantes como "un sufrimiento que vale la pena" y se construye desde los significados dados a cada etapa vivida: (1) embarazo: un suceso inesperado que es mejor en compañía; (2) la complicación: la angustia de la separación; (3) la vida después de la casi muerte. La percepción de calidad de vida de las mujeres depende tanto de la vivencia del evento, como del apoyo social; además, de la sobrevivencia del bebé. El rol de los servicios de salud es crítico, ya que se profundizan sentires de soledad, preocupación y estrés, cuando el personal sanitario tiene una relación deshumanizada con las mujeres.

Abstract Experiencing extreme maternal morbidity (EMM) implies multiple changes, where the perception of quality of life is modified, generating a gap between what is perceived and what is desired. The aim is to understand the meanings attributed to EMM by survivors of the experience and the effect of these meanings on the processes of reconstruction of daily life. A qualitative study from the perspective of symbolic interactionism that included an analysis based on elements of grounded theory by conducting semi-structured interviews with women from a Colombian city. The experience of EMM is understood by the participants as "a suffering that is worthwhile" and is constructed from the meanings given to each stage that is experienced: (1) pregnancy: an unexpected event that is better when accompanied by a partner/family; (2) the complication: separation distress; (3) life after near-death. Women's perception of quality of life depends on both the experience of the event and social support, as well as on the baby's survival. The role of health services is critical because loneliness, worry, and stress intensify when health personnel have a dehumanized relationship with women.

Perceptions of adolescent pregnancy in the rural context and the Colombian armed conflict: a qualitative approach based on social determination of health.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent pregnancy in rural areas is a persistent health problem that has still not properly been understood. Studies with qualitative perspectives that address this phenomenon as a complex social process, which involves the recognition of the voices of the actors involved and the analysis of the specific context in which it takes place, are limited. OBJECTIVE: This research explored the perceptions of young people and other social actors (municipalities of Palmira and El Cerrito in Colombia) of the social forces and dimensions of the social determination of adolescent pregnancy in the Amaime river basin. These geographic areas have been scenes of armed violence with various groups in combat within the context of a long-standing political conflict in Colombia. After the 2016 Havana agreements were signed, peacebuilding has been underway in its territories. METHODS: A qualitative study that implemented focus groups and semi-structured interviews was conducted. The theoretical approach of social determination of health proposed by Breilh was used to study the social process entailed in adolescent pregnancy. Perceptions about social conditions, specific ways of life, and lifestyles were addressed. Galtung and Fischer's theoretical approach on violence and peacebuilding was also incorporated to enrich the understanding of the Colombian context. The analysis was conducted with approaches from phenomenology. RESULTS: Living conditions with strong social stigma and demand for social, political, and cultural opportunities were found. Regarding ways of life, little communication and information about sex education was perceived. As for lifestyles, there are youthful behaviors infused by sociocultural traditions that affect life projects and sexual behavior. Gender relations are precarious, and there are various types of violence that limit effective peacebuilding. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to a priority issue in sexual and reproductive health, with an approach that generates analytical elements to comprehensively expand the social and health interventions required.

¿Es la atención primaria de salud integral parte de la respuesta a la pandemia de Covid-19 en Latinoamérica? / Is comprehensive primary health care part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America? / A atenção primária à saúde integral é parte da resposta à pandemia de Covid-19 na América Latina?

Resumen América Latina se ha convertido en uno de los epicentros de la pandemia de Covid-19, con una crisis sanitaria y humanitaria. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las medidas para enfrentar la pandemia en países de la Región y el rol de la Atención Primaria de Salud, discutiendo obstáculos y potencialidades. Son analizados los casos de Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Uruguay y Venezuela. Los siete países adoptaran medidas de aislamiento social de diferentes alcances, con grados distintos de sostenibilidad. El énfasis de las respuestas estuvo más en la atención hospitalaria que en la vigilancia de la salud, identificación de casos y contactos y disposición de condiciones adecuadas para el confinamiento. En casi todos los países, se subestimó la capacidad de los servicios de atención primária en el territorio. No obstante, iniciativas de enfoque territorial y comunitario buscaron integrar la vigilancia de la salud con actividades de promoción, prevención y cuidado, aunque con alcance parcial. En este contexto la Atención Primaria Integral e integrada toma nuevo sentido y reclama desarrollos que contribuyan a recobrar el equilibrio entre sociedad y medio ambiente. Es necesario repensar los sistemas de salud y la importancia de la atención primaria de salud integrada e integral.

Abstract Latin America has become one of the epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a health and humanitarian crisis. The objective of the article is to analyze the strategies implemented by countries in the Region to face the pandemic and the role of Primary Health Care, considering obstacles and potential. The cases of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Uruguay and Venezuela were analyzed. The seven countries have adopted diverse social distancing strategies with varying degrees of sustainability. The responses emphasized hospital care more than surveillance, case identification, contact tracking, and enabling adequate conditions for isolation. In almost all cases studied, the capacity of primary care services in the territory was underestimated. Even so, primary care initiatives with a territorial and community focus sought to integrate health surveillance with promotion, prevention and care, despite partial implementation. In this context, comprehensive and integrated primary care takes on new meaning and requires new developments in order to contribute to the recovery of the balance between society and the environment. The pandemic showed the need to rethink health care systems and the importance of primary care for comprehensive and integrated health.

Resumo A América Latina tornou-se um dos epicentros da pandemia de Covid-19, com uma crise sanitária e humanitária. O objetivo do artigo é analisar as estratégias implementadas por países da Região para enfrentar a pandemia e o papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde, ponderando obstáculos e potencialidades. Foram analisados os casos de Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Cuba, Uruguai e Venezuela. Os sete países adotaram estratégias de distanciamento social diversas com diferentes graus de sustentabilidade. As respostas enfatizaram mais a assistência hospitalar do que a vigilância, a identificação de casos, o rastreamento dos contatos e a viabilização de condições adequadas para isolamento. Em quase todos os casos estudados, foi subestimada a capacidade dos serviços de atenção primária no território. Ainda assim, iniciativas de atenção primária com enfoque territorial e comunitário buscaram integrar a vigilância à saúde com a promoção, prevenção e cuidado, apesar de implantação parcial. Nesse contexto, uma atenção primária integral e integrada adquire novo significado e requisita novos desenvolvimentos de forma a contribuir para a recuperação do equilíbrio entre a sociedade e o meio ambiente. A pandemia mostrou a necessidade de repensar os sistemas de atenção à saúde e a importância da atenção primária à saúde integral e integrada.

Evaluación de un modelo de atención primaria en salud en Santander, Colombia / Evaluation of a primary health care model in Santander, Colombia / Avaliação de um modelo de atenção primária à saúde em santander, colômbia

Objetivo: Evaluar la experiencia de implementación de un modelo de Atención Primaria en Salud (MAPIS) en zonas predominantemente rurales en Santander, Colombia. Métodos: se utilizó el modelo RE-AIM por medio de sus cinco dimensiones: Cobertura, Efectividad, Adopción, Implementación y Mantenimiento. En el proceso se usaron métodos mixtos que incluyeron estudios de caso y evaluación cuantitativa del desempeño y resultados en salud en seis municipios. Resultados: Se encontró una cobertura y desarrollo heterogéneo de la implementación del MAPIS a nivel municipal. La calificación de los atributos del MAPIS y la percepción del estado individual de salud fue más favorable en los municipios con mayor desarrollo del MAPIS. Sin embargo, no se evidenciaron cambios en los indicadores básicos de salud atribuidos al MAPIS. Se identificaron debilidades en la continuidad operativa del modelo y en la articulación con otras estrategias intersectoriales. Conclusiones: Aunque se evidenciaron algunos resultados intermedios positivos en los municipios de mayor desarrollo del MAPIS, en general el impacto del nivel de desarrollo del MAPIS en términos de mejoramiento de los indicadores básicos de salud no se evidencia aún en esta primera evaluación y diversos factores organizacionales de carácter departamental y municipal, así como la misma estructura del sistema de salud colombiano, ponen en riesgo su continuidad.

Objective: To evaluate the experience of implementing a Primary Health Care Model (PHCM) in predominantly rural areas of the department of Santander, Colombia. Methodology: The five dimensions of the RE-AIM model were used: coverage, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance. Mixed methods were used including case studies and quantitative evaluation of the model's performance and health outcomes in six municipalities. Results: The coverage, development and implementation of the PHCM were found to be heterogeneous at the municipal level. The rating of the attributes of the PHCM and the perception of the individual health status was more favorable in the municipalities where the PHCM was more developed. However, no changes were found in the basic health indicators attributed to PHCM. Weaknesses were identified in the operational continuity of the model and in the coordination with other intersectoral strategies. Conclusions: Although some positive intermediate results are evident in the municipalities where the PHCM is more developed, in general, the level of development of the PHCM on basic health indicators is not yet evident in this first evaluation and various organizational factors at the departmental and municipal level, as well as the structure of the Colombian health system itself, threaten its continuity.

Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de implementação de um modelo de atenção primária à saúde (MAPS) em áreas predominantemente rurais de Santander, Colômbia. Métodos: Utilizou-se o modelo RE-AIM nas suas cinco dimensões: Cobertura, Efetividade, Adopção, Implementação y Manutenção. Neste processo utilizaram-se metodologias mistas, incluindo estudos de caso e avaliação quantitativa da execução e resultados em saúde em seis municípios. Resultados: Encontraram-se cobertura e desenvolvimento heterogêneos na implementação do MAPS a nível municipal. A qualificação dos atributos do MAPS e da percepção do estado individual de saúde foi melhor nos municípios com maior desenvolvimento do MAPS. Porém, não se evidenciaram mudanças nos indicadores básicos de saúde atribuídos ao MAPS. Identificaram-se fraquezas na continuidade operativa do modelo e na articulação com outras estratégias entre setores. Conclusões: Embora se tenham evidenciado alguns resultados intermédios positivos nos municípios com maior desenvolvimento do MAPS, na generalidade o impacto do nível de desenvolvimento do MAPS em termos de melhorar os indicadores básicos de saúde não está presente nesta primeira avaliação. Além disso, tanto fatores referentes à organização estadual e municipal, quanto a estrutura do sistema colombiano de saúde ariscam a continuidade do MAPS.

Mapping primary health care renewal in South America.

BACKGROUND: Primary health care (PHC) renewal processes are currently ongoing in South America (SA), but their characteristics have not been systematically described. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe and contrast the PHC approaches being implemented in SA to provide knowledge of current conceptions, models and challenges. METHODS: This multiple case study used a qualitative approach with technical visits to health ministries in order to apply key-informant interviews of 129 PHC national policy makers and 53 local managers, as well as field observation of 57 selected PHC providers and document analysis, using a common matrix for data collection and analysis. PHC approaches were analysed by triangulating sources using the following categories: PHC philosophy and conception, service provision organization, intersectoral collaboration and social participation. RESULTS: Primary health care models were identified in association with existing health system types and the dynamics of PHC renewal in each country. A neo-selective model was found in three countries where coverage is segmented by private and public regimes; here, individual and collective care are separated. A comprehensive approach similar to the Alma-Ata model was found in seven countries where the public sector predominates and individual, family and community care are coordinated under the responsibility of the same health care team. CONCLUSIONS: The process of implementing a renewed PHC approach is affected by how health systems are funded and organized. Both models face many obstacles. In addition, care system organization, intersectoral coordination and social participation are weak in most of the countries.

La enseñanza de la salud pública y la educación en salud sexual y reproductiva en zonas marginadas de Cali / The teaching of public health and education in sexual and reproductive health in marginalized areas of Cali

Este artículo revisa y analiza reflexivamente la enseñanza de la salud pública como escenario de promoción de la salud, la cual se desarrolla en el marco de una de las asignaturas del pregrado de la carrera de medicina en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. Discute la relevancia de una aproximación que priorice la salud sexual y salud reproductiva con enfoque diferencial, de género, de equidad y de derechos y describe la generación de estrategias educativas en zonas marginadas de la ciudad. El objetivo es presentar como con actividades académicas de educación para la salud así estructuradas, se aporta tanto a los territorios de acción de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, como a la formación integral de los futuros médicos con las improntas de un sentido crítico y humanístico.

This article reviews and thoughtfully analyzed the teaching of public health as the setting for health promotion, which takes place in the context of one undergraduate medical course at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. Discusses the relevance of an approach that prioritizes sexual and re-productive health with differential perspective, gender equity and rights and describes the generation of educational strategies in marginalized areas of the city. The objective is to present the academic activities of health education structured, and the achievements fot the territories of action of the Faculty of Health Sciences, as well as to the integral formation of future physicians with the imprints of a critical and humanistic sense.

Implementation de la APS en una zona urbana marginal de Cali: una experiencia de alianzas locales para enfrentar determinantes sociales / Implementation of phc in a Marginal Urban Area of Cali: An Experience of Local Alliances to Face Social Determinants / Implementação da APS em uma zona urbana marginal de Cali: experiência de parcerias locais para enfrentar determinantes sociais

Debido a la persistencia de problemáticas sociales y de salud complejas en zonas marginales de una gran urbe, se desarrolló una intervención mediante un proyecto de investigación-acción con participación de academia, actores institucionales y comunitarios, en el marco de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS). La primera fase tuvo como objetivo realizar el diagnóstico de las condiciones de salud y la segunda fase fue la acción o intervención, ambas guiadas con el enfoque de determinantes sociales. El diagnóstico fue un estudio de prevalencia que reveló, entre otros resultados, hacinamiento crítico y bajas coberturas de vacunación. Los logros fueron la socialización del diagnóstico, la concertación de acciones, las alianzas locales y la realización de intervenciones concretas de mejoramiento como: jornadas de promoción y prevención dirigidas a reducir y controlar los factores de riesgo identificados, acceso a medicamentos efectivos y oportunos, control de brotes, aumento de coberturas de vacunación y fortalecimiento de la acción interinstitucional.

Due to the persistence of complex social and health problems in the marginal areas of a large city, we developed an intervention by means of a research-action project with the participation of the academy, institutional and community actors, under the frame of Primary Healthcare. The purpose of the first phase was to perform a diagnosis of the health conditions, and the purpose of the second phase was the action or intervention, both guided by a focus on social determinants. The diagnosis was a prevalence study which revealed critical overcrowding and low vaccination rates, among other results. We accomplished the socialization of the diagnosis, agreeing upon actions, local alliances, and the performance of concrete improvement interventions such as: promotion and prevention fairs aimed at lowering and controlling the identified risk factors; timely access to effective drugs; outbreak control; increase in the coverage of vaccinations; and strengthening the inter-institutional actions.

Devido á persistencia de complexas problemáticas sociais e de saúde em zonas marginais de uma grande urbe, desenvolveu-se uma intervenção mediante projeto de pesquisa-ação com participação de academia, atores institucionais e comunitários, no ámbito da Atenção Primária á Saúde. A primeira fase teve como objetivo realizar o diagnóstico das condicoes de saúde e a segunda fase a ação ou intervenção, ambas as duas guiadas com enfoque de determinantes sociais. O diagnóstico foi um estudo de prevalencia que desvendou, entre outros resultados, a superlotação crítica e as baixas coberturas vacinais. As conquistas foram a socialização do diagnóstico, concertação de ações, parcerias locais e realização de intervencoes concretas de melhoramento como: oficinas de promocáo e prevencáo dirigidas a reduzir e controlar fatores de risco identificados, acesso a medicamentos efetivos e oportunos, controle de surtos, aumento de coberturas de vacinação e fortalecimiento da ação interinstitucional.

El enfoque de competencias para los equipos de Atención Primaria en Salud. Una revisión de literatura / The primary health care competency approach. A literature review / O enfoque de competências para as equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Uma revisão da literatura

Con el propósito de aportar evidencias en herramientas que propendan por la adecuada implementación de la estrategia de Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) con enfoque renovado, eje estructural y de interés actual para la gestión integral de la atención en los sistema de salud, se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre el enfoque de competencias, con énfasis en las metodologías usadas para definir perfiles del talento humano de los equipos multidisciplinarios de APS. Dentro de los criterios de inclusión se consideraron los países con amplia trayectoria y evidencias de logros en APS: Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, España y Perú. Se encontró que en las metodologías para definir perfiles de competencias se destaca el análisis funcional. Las competencias con menos literatura y menos desarrollada fueron aquellas para funcionarios de los equipos con funciones directivas.

In order to provide evidence on tools which foster the proper implementation of the strategy of Primary Health Care (phc) with a renewed focus, an appropriate structural axis and interest to the integrated care management in the health system, a systematic review of literature on competency-based approach was performed, with emphasis on the methodologies used to define human talent profiles of multidisciplinary teams of phc. Among the inclusion criteria were considered countries with extensive experience and evidence of achievement in phc: Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Spain and Peru. It was found that among the methodologies to define competence profiles, the functional analysis is highlighted. The competences with less literature and which were less developed were those for team officials with managerial roles.

A fim de fornecer evidências sobre ferramentas que favoreçam a implementação adequada da estratégia de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) com foco renovado, eixo estrutural e de interesse atual para a gestão integrada de atendimento nos sistemas de saúde, realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura sobre enfoque de competências, com ênfase nas metodologias utilizadas para definir os perfis de talentos humanos das equipes multidisciplinares de APS. Entre os critérios de inclusão foram considerados os países com vasta experiência e evidência de conseguimientos na APS: Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Cuba, Equador, Espanha e Peru. Verificou-se que nas metodologias para a definição de perfis de competências destaca a análise funcional. As competências com menor literatura e menos desenvolvidas foram aquelas para os funcionários das equipes com funções diretivas.

Evaluación del desempeño de servicios de Atención Primaria en Salud: experiencia en municipios rurales en Santander, Colombia / Evaluation of the performance of Primary Health Care Services: experience in rural municipalities in Santander, Colombia

Objetivo Evaluar el desempeño de los servicios públicos de salud de seis municipios del departamento de Santander, Colombia, respecto al desarrollo de los atributos de la Atención Primaria en Salud, en el marco de la implementación de esta estrategia en este territorio. Métodos Evaluación rápida de desempeño de los servicios de salud por medio de un diseño comparativo trasversal, basada en metodología propuesta por Starfield. Se entrevistaron usuarios, profesionales y decisores de tres municipios con mayor desarrollo del modelo basado en atención primaria y tres municipios con menor desarrollo, todos ellos de predominio rural. Se calcularon propensity scores para ajustar por diferencias basales de los grupos comparados y mediante un análisis multivariado se determinó el efecto del nivel de desarrollo del modelo sobre el índice global de desempeño de los servicios calificado por los usuarios. Resultados Se encontraron mejores puntuaciones en el índice global de desempeño en usuarios de los municipios con mayor desarrollo del modelo. Los atributos con menores calificaciones de desempeño fueron enfoque familiar, orientación comunitaria y acceso. Conclusiones A pesar que el mayor desarrollo del modelo de atención primaria se relaciona con mejor desempeño de los servicios de salud, los atributos de acceso, enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria son los menos desarrollados.

Objective Public health services performance in Primary Health Care was evaluated in six municipalities from Santander, Colombia, after the development of a Primary Health Care program at the state level. Methods A cross-sectional, comparative study design was developed using a rapid assessment methodology, designed by Starfield. Patients, professionals and decision-makers were interviewed in three municipalities with higher development of the program and compared with three municipalities with lower development, all six predominantly rural areas. Propensity scores were calculate to equalize basal characteristics of groups being compared and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the level of development of the program in the global performance index by patients. Results Higher total scores in the global performance index were found in patients in municipalities with higher development programs. Family-focus, Community orientation and Access were dimensions with lower scores. Higher model development was associated with higher performance index scores by patients. Conclusions In spite of higher primary health care model development was associated with best global performance scores, access, family focus and community orientation are attributes less developed.

[Evaluation of the performance of Primary Health Care Services: experience in rural municipalities in Santander, Colombia]. / Evaluación del desempeño de servicios de Atención Primaria en Salud: experiencia en municipios rurales en Santander, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Public health services performance in Primary Health Care was evaluated in six municipalities from Santander, Colombia, after the development of a Primary Health Care program at the state level. METHODS: A cross-sectional, comparative study design was developed using a rapid assessment methodology, designed by Starfield. Patients, professionals and decision-makers were interviewed in three municipalities with higher development of the program and compared with three municipalities with lower development, all six predominantly rural areas. Propensity scores were calculate to equalize basal characteristics of groups being compared and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the level of development of the program in the global performance index by patients. RESULTS: Higher total scores in the global performance index were found in patients in municipalities with higher development programs. Family-focus, Community orientation and Access were dimensions with lower scores. Higher model development was associated with higher performance index scores by patients. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of higher primary health care model development was associated with best global performance scores, access, family focus and community orientation are attributes less developed.

Experiencia de implementación de un modelo de Atención Primaria / Experience of implementing a primary attention model

Objetivo Identificar las dificultades y los factores dinamizadores en la implementación de un modelo de atención primaria en Santander en la última década. Métodos Estudio cualitativo con un enfoque de pluralismo y la triangulación de fuentes y actores, con análisis de crítica del límite y de los valores de los juicios (Boundary critique). Resultados Según las categorías emergentes derivadas de la apropiación de los atributos del modelo se encuentran problemáticas tanto en aspectos filosófico-conceptuales como en la gestión operativa. No se desarrolló en la práctica el modelo planteado discursivamente en el diseño. La estrategia de APS es selectiva liderada desde el nivel departamental, centrada en acciones de predominio rural realizadas por auxiliares de enfermería y orientado al cumplimiento de metas de Salud Pública en el primer nivel de atención. Conclusiones Se identifican dificultades tanto en el nivel nacional, departamental y municipal, que pueden ser aprovechados en otros contextos de orden nacional e internacional. Las limitantes más destacadas son de tipo estructural y determinadas por un sistema de salud de mercado de aseguramiento que opera con una lógica contractual de segmentación institucional y fragmentación operativa. Se sugieren como elementos operativos esenciales para enfrentar las problemática y fomentar la puesta en práctica de un modelo integral de APS en el país: gestión del talento humano centrado en competencias en APS, gestión local adecuada y estudios sistemáticos de evaluación.

Objective Identifying barriers and dynamic factors in setting up a primary health care (PHC) model in the Santander department during the last decade. Methods This was a qualitative study, focusing on pluralism and triangulating sources and actors, with a critical analysis of limits and judgments values (boundary critique). Results Philosophical/conceptual and operational management problems were found from the emergent categories related to appropriating PHC attributes. The theoretical model design was in fact not developed in practice. The PHC strategy is selective and state-led (at department level), focusing on rural interventions developed by nursing assistants and orientated towards fulfilling public health goals in the first healthcare level. Conclusion Difficulties at national, state and local level were identified which could be useful in other national and international contexts. Structural healthcare system market barriers were the most important constraints since the model operates through the contractual logic of institutional segmentation and operational fragmentation. Human resource management focusing on skills, suitable local health management and systematic evaluation studies would thus be suggested as essential operational elements for facing the aforementioned problems and encourage an integral PHC model in Colombia.

[Experience of implementing a primary attention model]. / Experiencia de implementación de un modelo de Atención Primaria.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying barriers and dynamic factors in setting up a primary health care (PHC) model in the Santander department during the last decade. METHODS: This was a qualitative study, focusing on pluralism and triangulating sources and actors, with a critical analysis of limits and judgments values (boundary critique). RESULTS: Philosophical/conceptual and operational management problems were found from the emergent categories related to appropriating PHC attributes. The theoretical model design was in fact not developed in practice. The PHC strategy is selective and state-led (at department level), focusing on rural interventions developed by nursing assistants and orientated towards fulfilling public health goals in the first healthcare level. CONCLUSION: Difficulties at national, state and local level were identified which could be useful in other national and international contexts. Structural healthcare system market barriers were the most important constraints since the model operates through the contractual logic of institutional segmentation and operational fragmentation. Human resource management focusing on skills, suitable local health management and systematic evaluation studies would thus be suggested as essential operational elements for facing the aforementioned problems and encourage an integral PHC model in Colombia.

Factores asociados a la inequidad en la vacunación infantil en Colombia: identificando alternativas de intervención / Fatores associados à desigualdade na vacinação infantil na Colômbia: identificando alternativas de intervenção / Inequity-related aspects for the vaccination of children in Colombia: identifying intervention alternatives

Para aportar elementos analíticos a los tomadores de decisiones se analizaron los factores asociados a las inequidades en la vacunación infantil, a través del análisis de las brechas o diferenciasde cobertura municipal en relación con el nivel nacional, mediante un estudio ecológico que empleó un análisis de regresión múltiple que incluyó tanto variables territoriales, como del sistema de salud. Se asociaron con el aumento de las brechas de cobertura la ruralidad, el tamaño funcional municipal, y la mayor densidad de población infantil. A su vez, disminuyen estas diferencias la afiliación subsidiada al Sistema de Salud y los recursos per cápita destinadosa salud pública. Se concluye que el esfuerzo debería centrarse en municipios con mayor desigualdad, menor urbanización y recursos.

In order to provide decision-makers with analytical elements, inequity-related aspects of vaccinationof children were evaluated, through an analysis of the gaps or differences in coverage levels in municipalities compared to the national level. The study was ecological and included a multiple regression analysis which included variables related to both territory and the health system.Bigger differences were found to be related to rural areas, the size of municipalities and higher density of children in the population. Smaller gaps were found to be connected to subsidizedaffiliation to the Health System and per capita investments in public health. As a conclusion, the authors recommend to concentrate spending in municipalities with high inequity, little urban development and little resources.

Para contribuir com elementos analíticos aos tomadores de decisões se analisaram os fatores associados às inequidades na vacinação infantil, através da análise das brechas ou diferenças de cobertura municipal em relação com o nível nacional, mediante um estudo ecológico que empregou uma análise de regressão múltipla que incluiu tanto variáveis territoriais, comodo sistema de saúde. Foram associados com o aumento das brechas de cobertura rural, o tamanho funcional municipal, e a maior densidade de população infantil. A sua vez, diminuemestas diferenças a afiliação subsidiada ao Sistema de Saúde e os recursos per capita destinados à saúde pública. Conclui-se que o esforço deveria concentrar-se em municípios com maiordesigualdade, menor urbanização e recursos.

Aplicación, efectividad y contexto político de la atención primaria integral de salud: resultados preliminares de una revisión de la literatura mundia / Implementation, effectiveness and political context of comprehensive primary health care: preliminary findings of a global literature review

La atención primaria de salud (APS) ocupa nuevamente un lugar de privilegio en la agenda internacional...

Evaluación rápida del desempeño de la red pública de servicios de salud de Suba en el logro de los atributos de la atención primaria de salud - APS / Avaliação rápida do desempenho da rede pública de serviços de saúde de Suba no alcance dos atributos da atençãoprimária de saúde - APS / Quick assessment on the performance of the public network of health services in Suba, within the achievements of the primary health services - APS

Se analiza el desempeño de la red del Hospital de Suba II Nivel ESE en el cumplimiento de los atributos de la APS. Se realizó una evaluación rápida que adapta la metodología propuesta por Starfield y validada por Macinko en Brasil, la cual comprende encuestas a los usuarios, profesionales, coordinadores y decisores de los servicios. Los atributos estudiados son comparados con las percepciones de los actores de instituciones ambulatorias similares del sector privado. Se encontró diferencia significativa del principio de integralidad a favor del sector público y, además, que la percepción de salud de los usuarios adultos está asociada significativamente con la evaluación positiva de la prestadora de servicios de salud y el carácter público de la misma. No obstante, existe una baja calificación del enfoque familiar y orientación comunitaria, aspectos entre otros que requieren correctivos que permitan al Hospital contribuir a mejorar la salud y la equidad en salud en esta localidad.

This study evaluated the performance of a primary health care (PHC) strategy implemented by a public health care network lead by Suba Hospital. The study was based on a rapid assessment approach that adapted Starfield’s methodology and was validated by Macinko in Brazil. It included surveys for patients, professionals, coordinators and decision-makers. Their perceptions are compared with those of actors in private outpatient settings. This study demonstrated significant perceived gains in comprehensiveness in the public sector, and also found that users’perceptions of health are significantly associated with the positive assessment of the institution providing primary health care services and with the public nature of the institution. However, findings also indicated poor performance with regards to family and community orientation and particular elements of other important attributes of CPHC. Strategies must be oriented to address these problems in order to allow Suba Hospital to improve its contribution to population health and equity in health.

O estudo analisa o desempenho da rede do hospital de Suba II Nível ESE no cumprimento dos atributos da APS. Realizou-se uma avaliação rápida que adapta a metodologia proposta por Starfield e validada por Mocinko no Brasil, a qual compreende pesquisas dos usuários, profissionais, coordenadores e decisórios do serviço. Os atributos estudados são comparados com as percepções dos atores de instituições ambulatórias similares do setor privado. Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa do principio da integralidade a favor do setor público, como também, que a percepção da saúde dos usuários adultos está associada significativamente com a avaliação positiva da prestadora de serviços de saúde e o caráter público da mesma. Não obstante, existe uma baixa qualificação do enfoque familiar e orientação comunitária, aspectos entre outros que requerem corretivos que permitam ao hospital contribuir para melhorar a saúde e a igualdade na saúde nesta localidade.

El caso de la implementación de la estrategia de atención primaria integral en salud (APIS) en la localidad de Suba, Bogotá, Colombia / Case of the implementation of the strategy of comprehensive primary health care in the locality of Suba, Bogotá, Colombia

Se presenta el análisis situacional de los avances y vacíos estratégicos en la implementación de la estrategia de atención primaria integral en salud (APIS) en Suba, realizado con enfoque de estudio de caso y técnicas multimétodo. La investigación evidencia que los logros se deben a una estructura de gobernanza con apoyo político, gubernamental, comunitario y liderazgo del sector salud, que han permitido desarrollar un modelo de gestión fundamentado en eficiencia social y calidad. Dentro de los frutos se destaca una territorialización exitosa con una amplia cobertura, caracterización y atención de grupos prioritarios. Sin embargo, existen retos como el impacto en la sostenibilidad financiera de los servicios especializados del Hospital, y el desarrollo adecuado del enfoque familiar y comunitario, entre otros.

The study presents the situational analysis of the strategic advances and gaps of the implementation of the strategy of comprehensive primary health care (APIS) in Suba. The study follows a case study methodology and mixed-method techniques. The investigation illustrates that the achievements are due to a government structure with political, governmental, and community support, and leadership from the health sector. This has allowed the development of a management model founded in social efficiency and quality. The highlighted results includea successful territorialization with a wide coverage, characterization, and attention of priority groups. However, there are challenges such as the impact in the financial sustainability of thespecialized services of the hospital, and the adequate development of the family and community focus, among others.

[Factors affecting how long exclusive breastfeeding lasts]. / Factores Asociados a la Lactancia Materna Exclusiva en Población Pobre de Areas Urbanas de Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding by poor urban women in Colombia . METHODOLOGY: A random sample of women living in poor neighborhoods from four Colombian cities ( Cali , Cartagena , Medellín and Ibague ) was made (survey method), using a cross-sectional design; survival analysis techniques were applied. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis identified hospital bottle use, the women's marital status, and relationship with the head of household as having had a significant effect on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate analysis identified the non-use of bottles in hospital as favoring a longer breast feeding period. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing hospital bottle use is readily achievable by health system action; increasing the time mothers spend with their infants is more difficult. A relevant finding was that more mothers were unaware of breastfeeding's maternal benefits than those who were unaware of its benefits for the baby. If mothers were made more aware of the maternal benefits, an increasing number might insist on being the main caregiver and take care of their children for longer periods of time.

Factores Asociados a la Lactancia Materna Exclusiva en Población Pobre de Áreas Urbanas de Colombia / Factors affecting how long exclusive breastfeeding lasts

Objetivos: Identificar factores asociados con la lactancia materna exclusiva en población pobre de áreas urbanas de Colombia. Metodología: En un diseño de corte transversal que empleó el método de encuesta, se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de mujeres de barrios pobres de cuatro ciudades de Colombia: Cali, Cartagena, Medellín e Ibagué. Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis de supervivencia. Resultados: En el análisis bivariado por las ciudades estudiadas, las variables asociadas significativamente con el tiempo de lactancia exclusiva fueron: uso del biberón en el hospital, ocupación, estado conyugal y relación con el jefe de hogar de la madre. En el análisis multivariado se encontró que el "no uso de biberón en el hospital" fue el factor más asociado con una mayor duración del tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva, para el total de casos y la ciudad de Medellín. Conclusiones: Disminuir el uso del biberón en los hospitales es un objetivo susceptible de ser alcanzado con acciones en el sistema de provisión de servicios de salud. Mientras que incrementar el número de madres que estén más tiempo con sus bebés, resulta más difícil de alcanzar. Es relevante el hallazgo de un alto porcentaje de desconocimiento de los beneficios que para las madres tiene la lactancia materna, frente al bajo porcentaje de desconocimiento que se perciben de los beneficios para los hijos. Si la madre lograra percibir más beneficios para ella en la práctica de la lactancia, podría esto mejorar el porcentaje de las que cuidan habitualmente a su niño pequeño y dedicar más tiempo a sus hijos.

Objective: Identifying factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding by poor urban women in Colombia . Methodology: A random sample of women living in poor neighborhoods from four Colombian cities ( Cali , Cartagena , Medellín and Ibague ) was made (survey method), using a cross-sectional design; survival analysis techniques were applied. Results: Bivariate analysis identified hospital bottle use, the women's marital status, and relationship with the head of household as having had a significant effect on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate analysis identified the non-use of bottles in hospital as favoring a longer breast feeding period. Conclusions: Reducing hospital bottle use is readily achievable by health system action; increasing the time mothers spend with their infants is more difficult. A relevant finding was that more mothers were unaware of breastfeeding's maternal benefits than those who were unaware of its benefits for the baby. If mothers were made more aware of the maternal benefits, an increasing number might insist on being the main caregiver and take care of their children for longer periods of time.